Hard Times Of The Great Depression - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1018 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Great Depression Essay Did you like this example? Everybody in the U.S faced problems during the Great Depression. The Great Depression started October 29, 1929 and at the end of 1933 millions of Americans had no jobs, the depression started to end around 1941. Three things not heavily realized affected by the Great Depression, politics in California, Okies in California, and the election of 1932 FDR. These three things, Politics in California, Okies in California, and the 1932 election of FDR were affected by the Depression, heres why. During the depression and after the Dust Bowl Okies had lost everything. They were originally farmers from the Southern Plains but the Dust Bowl hit and they lost everything, then they overproduced and prices dropped heavily from the bushel and left basically everyone broke. Most of them went to California to find a job because there was a diversity of crops to be grown there and they thought there would be more job opportunities. As soon as they got their California had an issue, California had once advertised for more migrant workers found themselves overwhelmed by up to 7,000 new migrants a month. They were not as ready for this as they thought they were there was so many new people it was a huge sudden change and there wasnt jobs for everybody. There was some jobs to be had but it was astonishing how many new people were coming monthly in time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hard Times Of The Great Depression" essay for you Create order Thus, some people didnt get the life they were looking for, But there wasnt enough work for everyone who came. Instead of immediate riches, they often found squalor in roadside ditch encampments. Most had not gotten the life they wanted instead they were back to square one with nothing. They had to figure out what to do in little time to make money or they would be set like this for a long time. Places like this wherent ideal to live in especially when it comes to sanitation. Furthermore, Due to insufficient sanitation in these camps, disease ran rampant among the migrant workers and their families had no running water, and with their minimal pay medical attention was out of the question. Disease spreads like wildfire with no sanitation it can get many people sick and especially with no money for medical attention they had nothing to treat them and just hoped it would get better. That obviously in most cases doesnt work and ends up killing hundreds maybe thousands of people. Okies in California wherent getting the journey and prosperity they were hoping for from the dust bowl and the great depression. Education in California, was affected by the great depression in many ways but mostly not having any money because there was none to finance the schools. People had no money also so kids just stayed home and supported their families. In this instance, Reduced the level of state support for schools so they couldnt get the funds they needed. This took a toll on property tax payers by having to pay extra money to try to finance the schools. Kids couldnt get an education like they could before, because they couldnt pay for the essentials to have the school working like new books, electricity bills, and even the teachers. Another statement regards ?Children worked to support their families they were unable to go to school Kids parents were struggling to pay bills so they had to support them. Some ways were getting a job or helping around the house, they had no time to go to school. In addition, Had to force a substantial change in means of financing public education Therefore big change was occurring in being able to finance public education with having no money. They had none to fund the schools to keep them running or most of them having to close down, which in turn means no education for most people so that would affect everybody because if they didnt have an education they wouldnt have the tools to get a job which you would need to know the information. The election of 1932(FDR): The election of 1932 was important! People were looking for a president who could get them out of the worst times of the depression they needed stability. That started with who was going to lead the country out of these poor times. They needed a reason that will have change and give the people of the United States hope. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) running for president of 1932 by his reasons he gave the people, Furthermore, FDR told Americans that only by working together could the nation overcome the economic crisis The people were willing to vote for anyone who could bring them out of the great depression. FDR was going to work to achieve that goal as much as he can by using his rationalism and knowledge. Additionally, He promised aid to farmers, public development of electric power, a balanced budget, and government policing of irresponsible private economic power. Due to these reasons he gave people in crisis hope to give them stability and that gav e the people a good reason to vote for FDR. There was so many people in crises that need aid and electric power that gave FDR a huge percentage of votes. Election day came around and lastly, On election day Roosevelt received nearly 23 million popular votes (57.3 percent) to Hoovers nearly 16 million (39.6 percent); the electoral vote was 472 to 59. FDR creamed Hoover, he won by more than 450 electoral votes which you need to have more than the other person to get elected. He won by seven million in the popular vote (60% of the people that voted went with FDR) He was the clear favorite and brought the best campaign to become the president of the United States in the election of 1932 and became the 32nd president. The Depression affected many things but these three topics was something not recognized as much as many other topics. How the Depression, affected Politics, The Okies in California, and The Election of 1932 and how FDR got voted as the President of the United States. The Depression and Dust Bowl overwhelmed everybody in America from any race you were to where you lived.

No American Of The Right Age Bracket Will Forget What...

No American in the right age bracket will forget what happened on September 11, 2011. It was on of the most devastating days that took place in American history that left our country by shock and in a very vulnerable state. That day 19 men showed up and untimely in a few hours terrorized America in a way we have never seen before. (Dunbar Reagan,2006 pg x). As a country we did come together for the time being we were united and helped one another because we had no other choice. We didn t see race, political backgrounds or if the person was rich or poor we saw citizens who were in need and that our country had just been attacked and we needed to help. As for the fight in us quickly did turn into speculations as the†¦show more content†¦Was this more propaganda to keep citizens under governments control, are these conspiracies more fiction than fact and did we honestly identify those who bombed the twin towers? The widely accepted account that hijackers on September 11,2011 commandeered and crashed four commercial aircrafts into the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and the countryside of southwestern Pennsylvania. One question that was on every bodies mind is how can men with no professional flight experience have navigated airplanes across hundreds of miles and into building their targets with any accuracy? Even actor Charlie sheen stated â€Å" It seems to me like 19 amateurs with box cutters taking over four commercial airliners and hitting 75 percent of their targets raises a lot of questions† . While it is true that none of the hijacker pilots had experience flying commercial airline jet and all had logged less than 1500 hours required by the Federal Aviation Administration airline pilot license they were in fact certified pilots. (Dunbar Reagan,2006 pg 2-5) The United States justice department released the name of these 19 hijackers surprisingly fast, when we are not kn own for solving crimes fast even acts of terrorism. It seemed that all of the terrorist were from almost all from Saudi Nationals. So the big question was why was Iraq the one invaded? There has been the conspiracy theory of

A Handmade free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Tale Essay, Research Paper Concluding assignment Novel Analysis The servant? s narrative 1997-1998 Gerald F. Curial Table of contents Introduction 1 A. Analyzing a Short Narrative or Novel. Outline of key-events 2 Word picture 3 Use of Frequency 4 Theme ( s ) 4 Narrative technique 4 Plot and tenseness 4 Style 4 B. Discussion inquiries 5 Personal rating 5 Introduction ? The servant? s narrative? was recommended to me by Vanessa Arendsz. She was a pupil at the H.A.N. ? The servant? s narrative? is about a adult female that narrates her narrative. The narrative of how she struggles in a society where adult females have lost their freedom. She urgently wants to see her girl once more, and she is willing to make anything to acquire her girl back. A. ANALYSING A SHORT STORY OR NOVEL OUTLINE OF KEY EVENTS: # 61623 ; Offred remembers walking with her female parent, who was a liberated adult female, through a park, where adult females were firing erotica books and magazines. # 61623 ; Offred autumn in love with Luke. Luke had already been married. # 61623 ; The president of the democracy of Gilead and a batch of members of Congress were killed, money was abolished and the Constitution was suspended. # 61623 ; Strong steps were taken against immoral patterns. # 61623 ; The bank histories of adult females, who were individual or married to a divorced adult male, were blocked and the adult females were obliged to discontinue from their occupations. # 61623 ; Offred and Luke tried to get away from the Republic, but they fail and she lost Luke and her girl. # 61623 ; Offred is taken to the Red Center, Rachel and Leah Re-education Center, where the? Aunts? took attention of them. # 61623 ; The Handmaids are non allowed to speak to each other and are merely allowed to travel outside the edifice twice a twenty-four hours for short walks. # 61623 ; Moira, an old friend of Offred, tried to get away from the Center, but failed and after being tortured she could non walk for a hebdomad. # 61623 ; Moira tried to get away from the centre and she succeeded in it. # 61623 ; Handmaid are obliged to see old erotica movies, to see how adult females where treated, and movies about unwomen. # 61623 ; Offred is transferred to the house of a Commander and his married woman Serena Joy. # 61623 ; Ofglen is assigned to walk with her when they to the bosom of the Republic. They are supposed to descry each other. # 61623 ; On their manner back they walk along the Wall to see the hanging organic structures. The organic structures are a consequence of the Salvagings. # 61623 ; In the summer Handmaid? s change their frocks. # 61623 ; Once a month Handmaids are taken to the physician to make a gestation trial. # 61623 ; The physician offered Offred aid, because she was non pregnant. But she refused, because it is illegal and the penalty is decease. # 61623 ; Each month the Ceremony took topographic point and the Commander read the same passages out of the Bible. # 61623 ; Ofwarren gave birth to a miss, but her Commander? s married woman took the babe off. # 61623 ; Offred and the Commander began run intoing in the eventide, and sometimes he gave her a present. # 61623 ; Because Offred could non acquire pregnant from the Commander, Serena offered her to do sex to Nick ( the driver ) . If Offred accepts, Serena will demo her a image of her girl. # 61623 ; The Commander took Offred to a party to a nine, where they do things that are purely out ( e.g. cocottes ) . # 61623 ; Offred met Moira in the nine and Moira told her how she escaped and was caught. # 61623 ; Offred started seeing Nick each eventide. # 61623 ; One twenty-four hours they went to a Salvaging. There they killed a adult male, who was accused as a raper. But he truly was a member of the belowground motion. # 61623 ; On the following walk another Handmaid has replaced Ofglen. The former Ofglen committed self-destruction. # 61623 ; They came and take Offred off in a black new wave. She was accused of? Violation of State Secrets? . # 61623 ; Professor Pieixoto is analysing the tapes of Offred during a convention. Word picture: Offred ( round character ) 1. Offred ( in the beginning of the narrative ) Object: to remain alive and non be brainwashed Motivation/stimulus: non clear Receiver: herself Helper ( s ) : her memoirs Adversary: the government 2. Offred ( mid-story ) Object: to function the commanding officer and hold a good clip Motivation/stimulus: desire for life. Receiver: herself and the commanding officer Helper ( s ) : the commanding officer Adversary: no 1 3. Offred ( in the terminal of the narrative ) Object: to remain alive and flight from the centre Motivation/stimulus: her girl, who was still alive. Receiver: herself Helper ( s ) : Dent Adversary: Serena Joy End: She escaped from the state Moira Object: to get away from the centre. Motivation/stimulus: her desire for freedom. Receiver: herself Helper ( s ) : herself Adversary: the aunts End: she becomes a cocotte. There is non much development in this character. The commanding officer 1 Object: to follow the philosophy of the Republic of Gilead Motivation/stimulus: Receiver: Himself Helper ( s ) : Serena Joy and Adversary: no 1 The commanding officer 2 Object: to hold a good clip by making out things. Motivation/stimulus: ennui of the humdrum of his house. Receiver: himself Helper ( s ) : Offred Adversary: Serena Joy End: Offred flights and leave him entirely. Serena Joy Object: to hold kids ( no affair what it will be ) . Motivation/stimulus: the fact that she can non hold kids of her ain. Receiver: herself Helper ( s ) : the servants, Nick, the aunts and the commanding officer. Adversary: the commanding officer ( he was non fertile ) End: proposes Offred to kip with Nick in exchange she would demo Offred a image of Offred? s girl. There is non much development in this character. Use OF Frequency: ( Imagery, word picture, symbols, temper, etc. ) The names Of # 8230 ; like Offred, Ofwarren or Ofglen, indicate to which individual they belonged. For case, Ofwarren belonged to person named Warren. The Aunts symbolized the abuse of power of the government. The colourss of the frocks of the Handmaids showed the rank division of the Handmaids. THEME ( S ) : Exploitation of adult females: The adult females who were non married or married to a adult male who was divorced, were used to bear kids. Misuse of power: Womans were merely send to place from their work. They ( the people who were in power, non the authorities ) took ownership of all the money that they had on their history. The fundamental law was suspended. Misuse of the philosophy of the Bible: Owing to the fact that the birth rate had dropped in the Gileadean Republic, they decided that more kids should be made. So they decided to follow the illustration of Jacob and his two married womans. Jacob made the retainers of his married womans pregnant, because his married womans couldn? t give him more kids. Peoples were killed during the? salvagings? ( Christ died so that we could be saved from our wickednesss ) . So people who were accused of being rapists, disloyal to their commanding officer or immoral were sentenced to decease. Because it was merely in this manner that their psyche could be saved from snake pit. Humiliation: Womans were obliged to hold sex against their will. Womans were divided into groups of different degree. The colour of their apparels showed to which group they belonged. NARRATIVE TECHNIQUE The narrative technique used in this book of Margaret Atwood is of the? I-person within the narrative? . The focalisator is dependable, because she tells her narrative in really clear manner, so that it is easy to understand even when the narrative line is suddenly cut by flashbacks. I think that that is what helped her to maintain a clear head. Because even through all the wretchedness the memories of her yesteryear and her hope to run into Luke and her girl once more, that helped her non to breakdown. PLOT AND TENSION # 61623 ; During the narrative the chief character is invariably afraid of being caught during out Acts of the Apostless. # 61623 ; The author used the scenically technique to make an ambiance of suspense. For illustration the chapter of? Salviging? was as exactly told as possible so that the reader could experience him-/herself as apart of the narrative. Manner Margaret Atwood? s manner of authorship is hard to follow. In? The servant? s tale. ? she used a batch of words I had neer heard in my life ( I was invariably looking for words in the lexicon ) , the reading was reasonably tough. In the get downing the narrative is like a mystifier with a batch separated pieces, but as I was reading I started seeing the links in the narrative. The narrative does non incorporate any sort of wit. But at a certain minute I thought that the author was mocking the society of Israel, Irak, Turkey and all the other states where adult females are dressed like the adult females in the narrative. B. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS # 61623 ; If you were in power of such a society, would you handle adult females like that? # 61623 ; Why does it sometimes seem that non adult male, but adult females are in power in this society? # 61623 ; Why does it look that the narrative is a sarcasm of the life in Eastern states. Personal Evaluation This book by Margaret Atwood is really good. It is astonishing. In the beginning it is a spot hard to follow the narrative line, because of all the flashbacks. But at a certain minute in the narrative all the pieces fall together and the narrative becomes clear to the reader. It was because of this sort of technique that the author created a sort of ambiance that made me funny. I wanted to cognize how it was traveling to stop. At a certain minute I even started experiencing like one of the servants. I could experience their hurting, their sorrow, their hatred, etc. That is why I enjoyed this book. It makes you experience that you are one of the characters. The linguistic communication, which was used in the book, was non hard to understand. I did non utilize my lexicon a batch. But I have to state that it is non so good written as? I know why the caged bird sings. ? Bibliography A handmades narrative ; Margeret Atwood 329

The Coca-Cola Company Versus Bisleri International Pvt. Ltd. ; Ors. Essay Example

The Coca-Cola Company Versus Bisleri International Pvt. Ltd. ; Ors. Essay The present suit has been filed by the Plaintiff for Permanent Injunction, infringement of Trademarks, Copyright and passing off and damages etc. against the Defendants. 2. When the suit was instituted, Plaintiff no. 1 was Fritolay India which now stands merged with Plaintiff no. 2 Company. During the pendency of the present suit, the mark LAY’S along with the Sun Banner Device as also the Sun Banner Device per se have become registered trade marks.In order to incorporate and bring on record these subsequent facts, the plaintiffs had moved an application under Order 6 Rule 17 CPC being I. A. No. 2994 of 2005 and the same was allowed vide order dated 05. 05. 2005. The case of the Plaintiff is that the Plaintiff no. 1 Company is a Corporation existing under the laws of the United States of America. 3. Pepsico India Holdings (P) Limited is duly authorised to take all actions to protect the various intellectual property rights of the Plaintiff no. Company and its subsidiaries 4. T he Plaintiff Company together with its subsidiaries, affiliates, associate companies is the largest seller of salted snack foods in the world. The salted snack foods of the Plaintiffs range from potato chips, corn chips, crunchy cheese balls and various Mexican snacks to bhujia and namkeens like Aloo Bhujia and Navratan Mix. These salted snacks of the Plaintiff Company are introduced in India under various trade marks, inter alia, Lay’s Cheetos, Ruffles, Lehar etc. since 1990. 5.The present case specifically relates to the Lay’s mark and packaging which has been used and adopted by the Plaintiffs inIndia. 6. The Defendants have adopted a deceptively similar mark â€Å"Leo† written in identical writing style as also the packaging, colour combination, layout, get – up and all the distinctive elements of the Plaintiff’s packaging. 7. It is contended that the Defendant no. 1 was at the time of institution of the suit, manufacturing the impugned product s till July, 2003 but thereafter the products are being manufactured and sold by Defendant no. 2, Sambhav Foods. . It is averred in the plaint that the â€Å"Lay’s† mark logo and the â€Å"Sun Banner Device† trade marks are registered trade marks inIndia. The details of the registrations are as under: Registration No. Mark Class 453831 B LAYS word mark 29453832 B LAY’S word mark 30 838858 Lay’s + Sun Banner Device 29 838860 Sun Banner Device 29 . It is stated in the Plaint that the Lay’s mark and the Sun Banner Device have also been registered in the Plaintiff’s name in several countries of the world. These include African Union (O. A. P. I. ). Australia, Benelux, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominican Republic, Egypt, European (O. H. M. I. ), France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Mexico, New Zealand, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdo m, United States of America, Venezuela etc. 10.It is mentioned in the Plaint that the Lay’s mark and the artistic manner of writing the same is an original artistic work under the Copyright Act, 1957. The Sun Banner Device is also an original artistic work belonging to the Plaintiff Company. The same have been created for and on behalf of the Plaintiff Company and are globally used. These works are entitled to protection under the Copyright Act, 1957 as artistic works. 11. The Lay’s Potato chips is one of the most well known products of the Plaintiffs in India and manufacture potato chips of various flavours.The Plaintiff’s started manufacturing potato chips in the year 1989. The Plaintiffs use state-of-the-art machines/equipment for the manufacture of its potato chips. In the manufacturing process, the Plaintiffs employ vigorous quality control standards. The Plaintiffs possess enormous amount of goodwill in its products and are market leaders. 12. It is furthe r stated that the current packaging of the Lay’s potato chips was introduced in the year 2002. The front side of the packaging consists of a white oval picture with a blue border.In the centre of the oval is the distinctive „Sun Banner Device.. In the centre of the sun banner device, the word Lay’s is written in white script in blue outline. The Plaintiffs have also prepared and published a Manual which prescribed the rules, conditions and parameters for the use of the Lay’s Sun Banner Device trade mark on packaging. The Plaintiffs have spent huge sums of money on popularizing and marketing its Ruffles Lay’s/Lay’s pack through sales promotions, advertisements through the print as well as electronic media. 3. The Plaintiffs. products are also very popular among children, as it has extensively advertised its products in various children’s publications including Motu Patlu and Dreaded Robber, Taiji and Tree of Sapodilla, Raman and Tea, Dy namite Series Mafia, 077 James Bond – 78, Mandrake – 76, Phantom – 89, Little Wonders Big Fun, Pran’s comics etc. The Lay’s potato chips of the Plaintiffs are extremely popular worldwide. This is evident form the sales figures of approximately 140 crores in 2002 in Indiaalone for the said product. 14.Due to an ever – increasing popularity of the potato chips of the Plaintiffs, the Defendants who are manufacturing potato chips have, in an illegal manner with fraudulent intentions copied the Plaintiff’s packaging for potato chips. The Defendants have copied all the essential elements of the Plaintiff’s get up, trade dress and packaging. 15. The potato chips of the Defendants are marketed and sold under the trade mark â€Å"Leo† and a mere look at the conflicting packaging as well as the two labels/marks. â€Å"Lay’s† and â€Å"Leo† clearly shows that the acts of the Defendants are deliberate, conscious and fraudulent. 6. The similarities between the Plaintiffs. and Defendants. packaging are mentioned in the plaint, the details of which are as under:- TABLE OF SIMILARITIES Sl. No. Plaintiff’s PackagingDefendant’s Packaging 1. The entire packet is red in colourThe entire packet is red in colour 2. Underneath the small red portion is a white oval (egg-shaped) area with blue border. Underneath the small red portion is a white oval (egg-shaped) area with blue border. 3. The whitish area has the trade name/mark Frito-Lay of the Plaintiff in white script on a red background on the top.The whitish area has trade name/mark ‘Sambhav’ of the Defendant in a white script on a red background on the top 4. Within this white area, the word â€Å"Lay’s written in thick white lettering with the shadow effect, appears with in a circle which is yellow in colur towards the top and bottom and has a major red portion in the centre. This is known as the â€Å"Banner S un† Design. Within this white area, the word â€Å"Leo† written in thick white lettering with the shadow effect, appears within a circle which is yellow in colur towards the top and bottom and has a major red portion in the centre.Therefore, the essential colour of red, white, and yellow have been maintained in a similar form as in the Banner-sun design. 5. The word Lay’s is written with the letter â€Å"L† sliding below the next letter. The word Leo is written with the letter â€Å"L† sliding below the next letter. 6. Below this is a horizontal elongated banner with blue outline and the words â€Å"Spanish Tomato Tango† in white scriptBelow this is a horizontal elongated banner with blue outline and the words â€Å"Tangy Tomato† in white script. 7. Below this is a picture of ridged/crinkled chips in yellow colour on a bright red background.Below this is a picture of ridged/crinkled chips on a bright red background. 8. On the bottom ri ght side of the packaging appear the words „Potato Chips. in black script On the bottom right side of the packaging appear the words â€Å"potato Chips† in black script. 9. The back side of the packaging is predominantly of red and white colour with the sun banner device on top right sideThe back side of the packaging is predominantly of red and white colour with a device similar to the sun banner device on top of right side 10.The sign of a person throwing the litter in a garbage can appears at the bottom The sign of a person throwing the litter in a garbage can appears at the bottom. 17. On 11. 09. 2003 this Court while granting ex parte ad-interim orders also appointed a Local Commissioner Mr. Raghu Tandon, who visited the premises of the Defendants on 19. 09. 2003 at Nasik and on 20. 09. 2003 at Mumbai. 18. The Report of the Local Commissioner revealed that the Defendants were in fact earlier using a different packaging under the name â€Å"Leo chips† written in a completely different font having a different get up colour combination.However the Defendants also had a new packaging which is the impugned packaging was identical/similar to the Plaintiffs. packaging. As per the Report of the Local Commissioner, the alternative packaging of the Defendants is evidence of the fact that the adoption of the new impugned packaging by the Defendants was deliberate, dishonest and malafide. The intention was to merely capitalize on the goodwill and reputation of the Plaintiff’s mark and packaging. 19. It is further stated that the Plaintiffs have constantly changed their packaging in order to retain the uniqueness and exclusivity.Irrespective of the fact that the Plaintiffs have changed their packaging from time to time, some logos, prints (including the writing style of the letter â€Å"L† sun banner design, the display of chips under the sun banner design etc. ) have been adopted in all of their packaging styles. The Defendants hav e copied all these basic features of the Plaintiff’s packaging to pass off their goods as that of the Plaintiff’s. 20. The Plaintiffs aver that the customers and public identify the said distinctive packaging with the Plaintiff’s alone.Owing to the nature of the goods, nature of purchase, class of customers, the adoption of a similar label and/or packaging with an identical/similar get up, colour scheme, devices etc. , is bound to create confusion and deception in the market. The consumers of these products are also children which enhances the chances of confusion. Therefore, the adoption of a similar packaging by the Defendants for the manufacture and sale of their chips but not containing the same quality of chips is leading to severe tarnishment of the goodwill and image of the Plaintiff Company. 21.The defendants in this matter are ex parte. The plaintiffs have produced the evidence by way of the affidavit of Mr. V. R. Shankar, Vice President (Legal) of Plai ntiff No. 2 company as well as the affidavit of Mr. Yogesh Tikmiani, Manager (Commercial) of Pepsi Co. In the affidavit of Mr. V. R. Shankar, he has almost confirmed the statements made in the plaint and has also denied the defenses raised by the defendants in the written statement. The witness has also proved the documents which are Ex. PW-1/1 to Ex. PW-1/16. 22. In another affidavit of Mr. Yogesh Tikmiani who is Manager (Commercial) of Pepsi Co. he has alleged that he has seen the packaging of the plaintiff as well as the defendant. This witness has also gone through the report of the Local Commissioner who visited the premises of the defendant and according to him from the said report, it appears that defendant No. 1 who is the manufacturer of this product had a good quantum of sale which is evident from the stock which was found when the Local commissioner visited the said premises. The quantum of sale details are mentioned in Para 5 of his affidavit. 23. It is stated in the aff idavit that according to defendant No. 2, in Para 4 of the written statement that the defendant No. was merely a manufacturer and supplier of chips and the entire responsibility including brand management was that of defendant No. 2. In Para 12 of the affidavit, it is stated that the defendant’s adoption is obviously dishonest and malafide. 24. The sales made by the defendants are liable to be granted as damages to the plaintiff. The reasonable estimate of sale made by the defendants is approximately Rs. 16,12,800/-. It is also stated in Para 13 that the plaintiff is entitled for compensatory and punitive damages as the adoption is dishonest, deliberate and with malafide intention.The punitive damages if accessed at 10% of the plaintiff’s annual marketing/promotional expenditure would be to the tune of Rs. 20,26,000/-. Thus, the total damages claimed by the plaintiff against the defendants are Rs. 41,40,300/-. Now, this court shall deal with the matter as per issues fr amed in the matter. 25. Issue no. 1 Whether the packaging of the Defendants is the same or is a substantial reproduction or colourable imitation of the Plaintiff’s packaging in relation to snack products and constitutes infringement of Plaintiffs copyright therein? 26. The packaging of Plaintiff. as well as Defendants are marked as Exhibit PW 1/12 and Exhibit PW 1/13 respectively and are represented below:- 27. It appears from the report of the local commissioner that at the time of institution of suit, the Defendants already had an alternate packaging available, but the Defendants deliberately copied all the essential features of the Plaintiffs LAYS packaging, merely to pass off its products as that of the Plaintiffs. 28. Learned counsel for the plaintiff has argued that the use of deceptively similar packaging constitutes infringement of Plaintiffs copyright in as much as:- The Plaintiffs are the owners of the copyright in the packaging within the meaning of Section 2(c) o f the Copyright Act 1957 being an original artistic work. ? India is a member of Berne Convention and also of Universal Copyright Convention. Therefore, the Plaintiffs are entitled to protection irrespective of whether there is a claim of copyright on the work or not. ? For the purpose of infringement, a copyright need not be registered. ? The pictorial and the artistic design of the packet is an artistic work under the Copyright Act ?The same is an original work being coveted property of the Plaintiffs. ? Sun banner device with predominant colour red and yellow is exclusive property of the plaintiffs. ? Plaintiffs have been using the packaging since year 2002. Infringement of Copyright 29. In the case reported at 1999 PTC Page No. 188 Burroughs Wellcome (India) Ltd vs. Uni-Sule Pvt. Ltd, it was observed at Page No. 192 as under:- â€Å"Copyright is a form of intellectual property. With advancement in technology it is very easy to copy.The basic test in actions based on the infring ement of the copyright is that if a thing fetches a price, it can always be copied and therefore, it needs adequate protection. It is well settled that although under the Copyright Act, 1957, there is a provision of registration, under Section 44 of the Act. It is not in doubt that the said procedure is an enabling provision and registration is not compulsory for the purpose of enforcing copyright. Section 44 of the Act provides for registration of work in which copyright exists but in order to claim copyright registration is not necessary.This is because registration is only to raise a presumption that the person shown in the certificate of registration is the author. This presumption is not conclusive, but no further proof is necessary unless there is a proof rebutting the contents of the said certificate. Under Section 48 of the Registration Act, therefore, the act of registration is ex-facie prima facie evidence of the particulars incorporated in the certificate. There is no pro vision under the Act which deprives the author of the rights on account of non registration of the copyright.There is nothing in the Act to suggest that the registration is condition precedent to the subsistent of the copyright or acquisition of copyrights or ownership thereof or for relief of infringement of copyright. The sine-qua non of existence of a copyright is expenditure of skill, labour and capital on anywork expanded by a person/author and unless the original work is produced in court to prima facie show that the work has originated from author, no relief can be granted. In other words, copyright exists even without it being registered for the purpose of its enforcement.The nature of copyright is also meant to be borne in mind. It subsists in any material form in which ideas are translated. Copyright is a incorporeal right. It does not lie in any idea, but it lies in the expression in which the idea is expressed. The work of an author therefore, becomes the subject matter of the copyright. In essence the copyright is a negative right of preventing copying of physical material in the field of art, literature etc. Once an idea is written down, the writing becomes the subject matter of copyright. With globalisation and advancement of technology, even computer programmes come within the copyright.Any work conveying particular information comes within the subject matter of a copyright and it needs protection. † 30. In M/s. Anglo-Dutch Paint, Colour and Varnish Works Pvt. Ltd vs. M/s. India Trading House, AIR 1977 Delhi Page 41, the plaintiff claimed the relief on the basis of get up, layout and arrangement of violet and grey and colour combination of the plaintiff’s container. It was alleged that the defendant has very recently adopted identical container in respect of white paints as mentioned in Para 3 and 4 of the judgment.In Para 9 of the said judgment, it is observed as under:- â€Å"Having noticed the principles which have to be borne in mind, the application thereof is not difficult in the present case. It is true that there is a phonetic difference between the numerals â€Å"1001† and â€Å"9001† but taking into account the entire get up the combination of colours, it will be noted that the essential features of plaintiff’s containers have been absolutely copied. The entire scheme of the containers is also the same. There is a common large circle with the same colour scheme and with the same background.There is the same description of Superior White on top and Zinc paint on the bottom in the circle. Again, the White circle with grey lettering is identically super-imposed on violet background. The only difference is that instead of white parallelogram shapes on top and base borders there are white triangles and on the white parallelograms instead of numeral â€Å"1001† in grey lettering, the numeral on the defendant. s container is â€Å"9001† but the overall effect is just the same. The commodity is such that it is likely to be purchased by customers from a ll strata of society including the petty â€Å"kapkhandars. nd contractors. † 31. In the case reported at AIR 1979 Delhi 114 Vicco Laboratories vs. Hindustan Rimmer, Delhi. , the case of the plaintiff before court as per Para 9 was that the plaintiffs have been marketing the cream in a collapsable tube of 3 different sizes which has the distinctive get up etc. The collapsable tube has red background with floral design in yellow colour under the trade mark ‘Vicco Turmeric Vanishing Cream’ in the carton as well as tube in yellow strip in the bottom.The case against the defendant was that they have been marketing the vanishing cream in the carton and tube which are a colourable immitation of the plaintiff’s carton and tube under the trade mark â€Å"Cosmo†. This court granted the injunction against the defendant and held at para 13 as under:- â€Å"The plaintiffs claim passing off by the defendants of their product as and for the product of the plaintiff’s on the basis of copy of the distinctive get up and colour scheme of the collapsible tubes and the cartons by them. The defendants are not entitled to represent their goods as being the goods of the plaintiffs.The two marks â€Å"Vicco† and â€Å"Cosmo† used by the plaintiffs and defendants respectively are no doubt different and the mark â€Å"Cosmo† by itself is not likely to deceive but the entire get up and the colour scheme of the tube and the carton adopted by the plaintiffs and the defendants are identical in every detail and are likely to confuse and deceive the customer easily. The get up and the colour scheme of the plaintiffs adopted in every detail by the defendants for their tube and carton cannot be said to have been adopted by the defendants unintentionally. 32. In the case of Nova Ball Bearing Industries vs.Mico Ball Bearing PTC (Supp) (1) 497(Del), it has been held at para 7 page no. 499 as under:- â€Å"A comparison of the two cartons â€Å"NOVA† and â€Å"JANI† would reveal that two cartons are exactly similar in size, colour scheme and get up, the only difference that the trade mark of the defendants is written at 5 places and that of the plaintiff at 3 places. The two cartons bear such a close resemblance that they can easily confuse and deceive a customer. † 33. In Cases and Material on Trade Mark and Allied Laws, Vol. I at Page No. 969 Muller Phipps International Corporation another vs.Anita Cosmetics another, following observations are made at para 5 page no. 971:- â€Å"It is true that the use of the mark COUNTESS by itself is not likely to deceive the customers. But if the two containers CUTICURA and COUNTESS are put side by side, it becomes apparent that in the get up, colour scheme and the similarity the containers are so similar that they easily confuse and deceive the customers. The defendan t No. 1 has adopted the get up and colour scheme of the container to the plaintiffs’ in every detail and they are identical in appearance. † 34. In the case of Sodastream vs Thorn cascade Co Ltd. eported at 1982 RPC 459, the plaintiffs were marketing the gas cylinders of grey colour under their trade mark â€Å"Sodastream† and the defendants having also been marketing their black colour cylinders under their own trade mark „Thorn Cascade. , the proposals of the defendants to refill the grey colour gas cylinders of the plaintiff, even with their own trade mark amounts to passing off as the grey colour cylinder is distinctive of the plaintiffs in respect of which the reputation accrued in favour of the plaintiffs. Interlocutory injunction granted. 35. In another case reported in 1972 RPC Page 1 Hoffmann-La Roche Co.A. G. vs. D. D. S. A. Pharmaceuticals Limited, the plaintiffs manufactured and marketed chlordiazepoxide in distinctive black and green capsules bearing the word â€Å"Roche† on each capsule, the defendants also marked and advertised the drug chlordiazepoxide in black and green 10mg capsules which were identical to those of the plaintiffs except that they bore the letters â€Å"DDSA† instead of the plaintiffs’ name. The plaintiffs were granted interlocutory injunction to restrain the defendants from passing off capsules of the patented drug as the goods of the plaintiffs.It was held that marketing of the capsules by the defendants in almost identical form to those of the plaintiffs was calculated to cause damage to the plaintiffs. It was further held that there was a likelihood of confusion as both the capsules contained the same drug. The public were not concerned with the identity of the manufacturing of the capsules as long as the capsules contained the same substance and had the same effect. 36. In case reported at 1974 RPC 91 at Page 95, Smith Kline French Laboratories Limited. s Trade Mark Applica tions, it was observed as under:- The upshot of all these cases is to my mind to establish that a scheme of colouring applied to goods may be a mark within the definition in section 68. That definition as was pointed out in contrast to other definitions in the Act, starts with the word â€Å"includes† showing that the definition is purposely not limited to the precise words which follow. The combination of colour giving a speckled effect in the present case is, in my judgement, no less a mark than the red lines in Redduway. s hose case of the â€Å"heading† in the cotton cases and in the Winter-Hoffmann-La Roche chlodiazeoxide case. It was further observed:- â€Å"The truth of the matter is I think as follows. In some cases the colour is an essential part of the article as an article whilst in others it is something which is not essential and has been added for some other reason. If it has been added so as to donote the origin of the goods, and the evidence shows that in practice it does so, it can properly be said that it is being used as a mark in the trade mark sense. The answer is no doubt one of degree and will depend on the evidence.It would be highly unlikely that colour in a lipstic could ever become distinctive of one manufacturer because in such a case colour is an essential element in and part of the article itself. It is for that reason that the customer buys it. Colour in a passenger motor car would normally be in a similar but not so conclusive a position, but I see no reason why a trader, as some do, should not paint his delivery vans or racing cars in specific distinct colours to indicate the origin of the car or of the goods it normally carries as emanating from him. With drugs, on the other hand, the position is the opposite of the lipstick.Colour is of no importance to the article as a drug and it may, if sufficiently, distinctive, be an exceedingly effective indication of origin. † It was further observed:- â€Å"I can not see why other manufacturers should want to adopt the applicants’ colour arrangements here except for the improper motive of trying to benefit from the latter. s established goodwill. † 37. In the case of Tavener Rutledge Ld. Vs. Specters Ld. , 1959 RPC Page 83 at Page 88, it was observed as under:- â€Å"It seems to me that one has to take into consideration people who have what is called imperfect recollection, as was pointed out in the case of Saville Perfumery Ld.Vs. June Perfect Ld. (1941) 58 RPC 147 at 174. 5 and one has to allow for cases where the person who has not got the two tins side by side perhaps does not remember the Plaintiff’s name accurately, or does not know that there are two different traders in the same line of business, or many others for that matter, and takes a casual glance at the tin and imagines that it is the kind of frauit drops that he wants, not entirely casually, but looking at it in the ordinary way that such a customer woul d go into a shop and see a pile of tins or something of that sort.Afterwards of course raise objection, but it seems to me that it is a case of confusion if customers are induced to buy by a recollection of the general get up of the plaintiffs. tin so that they purchase a tin of the defendants. sweets by mistake and I am bound to say that I have come to the conclusion that such confusion is not only possible but is likely. † 38. In the case of B. K. Engineering vs UBHI Enterprises, AIR 1985 Delhi 210(DB), it was observed : â€Å"Competition must remain free. It is true it is the life blood of free enterprise system.It is essential that trading must not only be honest but must not even unintentionally be unfair. † In view of the above said well known settled law on the subject, it is clear that the defendant is guilty of infringement of copyright and passing off their goods as the goods of the plaintiff. From the above said judgments cited it is clear that in most of the cases the copyright has been claimed by the plaintiff on the article itself. It is also pertinent to mention that the subject matter of the colour combination, get-up and layout are not only covered in the subject matter of copyright but also covered under the common law remedy i. . law of passing off. Even in the New Trade Mark Act 1999 the definition of the mark is given in Section 2(m) which says that â€Å"Mark† include a device, brand, style, label, ticket, name, signature, word, letter, numeral, shape of goods, packaging or combination of colours or any combination thereof. As per the definition and as per the judgments mentioned above it is clear that the colour scheme, get up, layout and combination of colours is covered under the action for passing of also. In view of this, in the present case the defendants have infringed the Copyright of the Plaintiff.This issue is accordingly decided in favour of the Plaintiff. 39. In view of the well settled law and facts of the present case, the plaintiff has discharged their burden on issue no. 1 and the same is decided accordingly in favour of the plaintiff. 40. Issue no. 2:- Whether the plaintiff is entitled to injunction restraining the defendant from using the label â€Å"Leo† and packaging which has been used by it? As observed in earlier paras of this Judgment that the Defendants’ packaging bears overall similarity to the Plaintiff’s packaging. Since the Defendants. abel LEO and packaging thereof is deceptively similar to the Plaintiffs. label LAY. S and packaging as explained above in the chart of similarities, the Plaintiffs are entitled to injunction. This issue is also decided in favour of the plaintiff in view of discussion made in para 25 to 38 above. 41. Issue No. 3 Whether the user of the trademark LEO is an infringement of the rights of the Plaintiff in the trademark LAYS and the Sun banner device? The Plaintiffs have placed on record the original legal proceedings cer tificates for the various trade marks No. 53831B, 453832B, 838858 ; 838860. Plaintiffs’ mark LAY. S per se is registered. [Exhibit PW 1/5 and PW 1/6] Plaintiffs’ sun banner device is also registered. [Exhibit PW 1/4] Plaintiffs’ LAY. S mark + Sun Banner device is also registered. 42. The evidence has been lead by the Plaintiffs also annexing therewith a complete list of global registration of the mark LAY’S and sun banner device [Exhibit PW 1/7]. The sales and advertising figures of the plaintiffs are also set out in the plaint 43. The Plaintiffs are the registered proprietors of the mark LAY’S and sun banner device.Use of a deceptively similar mark LEO to Plaintiffs’ registered mark LAY’S and the use of deceptively similar representation of LEO in a device which is similar to Plaintiffs. registered sun banner device amounts to infringement under section 29 of the Act. 44. In the case of Parle Products (P) Ltd. vs. J. P. ; Co. , Mysor e, AIR 1972 SC 1359 in para 8, the Apex Court held as under : â€Å"8. According to Karly. s Law of Trade Marks and Trade Names (9th Edn. , para 838): â€Å"Two marks, when placed side by side, may exhibit many and various differences, yet the main idea left on the mind by both may be the same.A person acquainted with one mark, and not having the two side by side for comparison, might well be deceived, if the goods were allowed to be impressed with the second mark, into a belief that he was dealing with goods which bore the same mark as that with which he was acquainted. Thus, for example, a mark may represent a game of football; another mark may show players in a different dress, and in very different positions, and yet the idea conveyed by each might be simply a game of football.It would be too much to expect that persons dealing with trade marked goods, and relying, as they frequently do, upon marks, should be able to remember the exact details of the marks upon the goods with which they are in the habit of dealing. Marks are remembered rather by general impressions or by some significant detail than by any photographic recollection of the whole. Moreover, variations in detail might well be supposed by customers to have been made by the owners of the trade mark they are already acquainted with for reasons of their own. 45. In view of the decision of the Apex Court referred above, it is clear that the defendants have infringed the registered trademark of the plaintiff as essential features have been appropriated by the defendant. Hence, this issue is also decided in favour of the plaintiff. 46. Issue No. 4 – Whether the user of the trademark LEO and Sun banner by the Defendant amounts to passing off its goods as those having association with the goods of the plaintiff and entitles the plaintiff to grant of injunction?For deciding this issue, following facts can be taken into consideration:- a) Plaintiffs have been using the LAY. S packaging with sun banner device since year 2002. b) Over the years, the Plaintiffs, have acquired distinctiveness in the said mark, label and packaging. The sales figures and advertisement figures have been given in the affidavit filed as evidence. The Defendants are using the similar mark as well as packaging in respect of identical goods i. e. potato chips. c) The Defendant has adopted all the essential feature of Plaintiffs’ packaging. ) These are the goods meant for consumption and a large portion of consumers thereof compromises of children who might not be able to differentiate between LAY. S and LEO if the packaging and get – up is similar. e) Further, there has been deliberate misrepresentation on behalf of the Defendant as apparent from the LC. s report which shows